What Are File Permissions?

Date First Published: 19th December 2023

Topic: Cybersecurity

Subtopic: Security Mechanisms & Technologies

Article Type: Computer Terms & Definitions

Difficulty Level: 4/10

Learn about what file permissions in this article.

File permissions define who can view, write, and edit files and directories. They most commonly apply to files stored on a web server, but can also apply to files stored on a hard drive. File permissions can be set for individual users and groups, allowing highly customised file permissions, restricting access to only the files each user or user group absolutely needs.

Users should only be granted the minimum permissions to perform their tasks effectively. They should not be given excessive permissions and permissions should be regularly reviewed to maintain a secure system and ensure that they are still appropriate for users.

Examples Of File Permissions

Examples of file permissions are:

• Read - Users with this permission can view and copy the file, but cannot make changes to it.
• Write - Users with this permission can edit, rename, and move the file.
• Execute - Users with this permission can run a specific program or type of program file.

Benefits Of File Permissions

The benefits of file permissions are:

• It controls access to sensitive data. File permissions ensure that only authorised users can read, write, or execute files and directories so that sensitive data or confidential information does not go to the wrong people.
• It prevents unauthorised modification to files and directories. This helps restrict write access, ensuring data integrity and security.
• It ensures compliance with data privacy regulations. Data privacy and protection laws, such as GDPR require organisations to implement security measures to protect personal data.
• It reduces the risks of data breaches. By setting appropriate file permissions, organisations can prevent unauthorised users from tampering with or stealing data. This protects the confidentiality and integrity of the information.
• It safeguards system resources. File permissions reduce the risks of security risks, which allow unauthorised users to compromise the integrity of the computing environment.

Difference Between File Permissions and Access Levels

The main difference between file permissions and access levels is that file permissions only specify who can view, write, and edit files, whilst access levels go beyond file permissions and define what software, data, and services users can access. Access levels can be known as the general privileges a user has, whilst file permissions only define the privileges a user has to specific files.

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